Physical and Biological Properties of Silk Suture Soaked in Levofloxacin
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Silk suture was a type of suture material commonly used by dentists to close wounds in the oral cavity. It provides strong tensile strength and was consistent with wound healing by maintaining suture integrity to promote wound healing for at least 3-5 days. However, non-resorbable sutures made of silk were known to accumulate food debris and increase the risk of infection, particularly in patients with underlying conditions such as diabetes or immune deficiencies. There has been recent development in coating silk sutures with antimicrobial agents to reduce the risk of infection, but no studies had been conducted using silk sutures coated with such agents. This study aimed to evaluate the physical and biological properties of non-absorbable and multifilament braid silk sutures that have been coated with levofloxacin. The physical properties of strength, amount of pore with SEM and BET analysis, and the presence of levofloxacin solution were assessed, as were the biological properties of drug release profile. All groups were compared between dry and wet conditions of the coated silk sutures and non-coated silk sutures. The results showed that the levofloxacin-coated silk sutures had no significant difference tensile strength between non-coated silk sutures, and the release of levofloxacin was sustained over a period of 7 days. BET analysis showed that the wet group had less porosity and wider pore diameter than the other groups. Therefore, the use of levofloxacin-coated silk sutures was provided comparable suture strength to non-coated silk sutures while reducing the risk of infection.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Article Accepting Policy
The editorial board of Thai-Nichi Institute of Technology is pleased to receive articles from lecturers and experts in the fields of business administration, languages, engineering and technology written in Thai or English. The academic work submitted for publication must not be published in any other publication before and must not be under consideration of other journal submissions. Therefore, those interested in participating in the dissemination of work and knowledge can submit their article to the editorial board for further submission to the screening committee to consider publishing in the journal. The articles that can be published include solely research articles. Interested persons can prepare their articles by reviewing recommendations for article authors.
Copyright infringement is solely the responsibility of the author(s) of the article. Articles that have been published must be screened and reviewed for quality from qualified experts approved by the editorial board.
The text that appears within each article published in this research journal is a personal opinion of each author, nothing related to Thai-Nichi Institute of Technology, and other faculty members in the institution in any way. Responsibilities and accuracy for the content of each article are owned by each author. If there is any mistake, each author will be responsible for his/her own article(s).
The editorial board reserves the right not to bring any content, views or comments of articles in the Journal of Thai-Nichi Institute of Technology to publish before receiving permission from the authorized author(s) in writing. The published work is the copyright of the Journal of Thai-Nichi Institute of Technology.
References
J. W. Alexander, J. Z. Kaplan, and W. A. Altemeier, “Role of suture materials in the development of wound infection,” Ann. Surg., vol. 165, no. 2, pp. 192–199. Feb. 1967, doi: 10.1097/00000658-196702000-00005.
C. K. S. Pillai and C. P. Sharma, “Review paper: Absorbable polymeric surgical sutures: Chemistry, production, properties, biodegradability, and performance,” J. Biomater. Appl., vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 291–366, Nov. 2010, doi: 10.1177/0885328210384890.
B. Blomstedt and B. Österberg, “Physical properties of suture materials which influence wound infection,” in Moderne Nahtmaterialien und Nahttechniken in der Chirurgie, A. Thiede and H. Hamelmann, Eds., Heidelberg, Germany: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1982, pp. 39–46, doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-68736-5_6.
T. Grigg, F. Liewehr, W. Patton, T. Buxton, and J. Mcpherson, “Effect of the wicking behavior of multifilament sutures,” J. Endod., vol. 30, no. 9, pp. 649–652, Sep. 2004, doi: 10.1097/01.DON.0000121617.67923.05.
E. Laas et al., “Antibacterial-coated suture in reducing surgical site infection in breast surgery: A prospective study,” Int. J. Breast Cancer, vol. 2012, 2012, Art. no. 819578, doi: 10.1155/2012/819578.
A. E. Deliaert et al., “The effect of triclosan-coated sutures in wound healing. A double blind randomised prospective pilot study,” J. Plast. Reconstr. Aesthet. Surg., vol. 62, no. 6, pp. 771–773, Jun. 2009, doi: 10.1016/j.bjps.2007.10.075.
S. Suttapreyasri et al., “Physicochemical and antimicrobial properties of silk suture soaked in Chlorhexidine Gluconate,” (in Thai), J. Dent. Assoc. Thai., vol. 67, no. 1, pp. 77–90, 2017, doi: 10.14456/JDAT.2017.7.
S. Viju and G. Thilagavathi, “Characterization of tetracycline hydrochloride drug incorporated silk sutures,” J. Text. Inst., vol. 104, no. 3, pp. 289–294, Mar. 2013, doi: 10.1080/00405000.2012.720758.
B. G. Katzung, S. B. Masters, and A. J. Trevor, Basic & Clinical Pharmacology, 12th ed. New York, NY, USA: McGraw-Hill Medical, 2012.
D. N. Fish and A. T. Chow, “The clinical pharmacokinetics of levofloxacin,” Clin. Pharmacokinet., vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 101–119, Feb. 1997, doi: 10.2165/00003088-199732020-00002.
X. Chen, D. Hou, L. Wang, Q. Zhang, J. Zou, and G. Sun, “Antibacterial surgical silk sutures using a high-performance slow-release carrier coating system,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, vol. 7, no. 40, pp. 22394–22403, Oct. 2015, doi: 10.1021/acsami.5b06239.
K. S. Parikh et al., “Ultra-thin, high strength, antibiotic-eluting sutures for prevention of ophthalmic infection,” Bioeng. Transl. Med., vol. 6, no. 2, p. e10204, May 2021, doi: 10.1002/btm2.10204.
C. Dennis, S. Sethu, S. Nayak, L. Mohan, Y. Y. Morsi, and G. Manivasagam, “Suture materials — Current and emerging trends,” J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A, vol. 104, no. 6, pp. 1544–1559, Jun. 2016, doi: 10.1002/jbm.a.35683.
H. B. Gevariya, S. Gami, and N. Patel, “Formulation and characterization of levofloxacin-loaded biodegradable nanoparticles,” Asian J. Pharm., vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 114–119, 2011, doi: 10.4103/0973-8398.84552.
A. Faris et al., “Characteristics of suture materials used in oral surgery: Systematic review,” Int. Dent. J., vol. 72, no. 3, pp. 278–287, Jun. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.identj.2022.02.005.
C. E. Edmiston et al., “Bacterial adherence to surgical sutures: Can Antibacterial-coated sutures reduce the risk of microbial contamination?,” J. Am. Coll. Surg., vol. 203, no. 4, pp. 481–489, Oct. 2006, doi: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2006.06.026.
G. Banche et al., “Microbial adherence on various intraoral suture materials in patients undergoing dental surgery,” J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg., vol. 65, no. 8, pp. 1503–1507, Aug. 2007, doi: 10.1016/j.joms.2006.10.066.
J.-E. Otten, M. Wiedmann-Al-Ahmad, H. Jahnke, and K. Pelz, “Bacterial colonization on different suture materials—A potential risk for intraoral dentoalveolar surgery,” J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater., vol. 74B, no. 1, pp. 627–635, Jul. 2005, doi: 10.1002/jbm.b.30250.
S. Rothenburger, D. Spangler, S. Bhende, and D. Burkley, “In vitro antimicrobial evaluation of coated Vicryl* plus antibacterial suture (coated polyglactin 910 with triclosan) using zone of inhibition assays,” Surg. Infect., vol. 3. no. s1, pp. s79–s87, Dec. 2002.
X. Ming, S. Rothenburger, and M. M. Nichols, “In vivo and in vitro antibacterial efficacy of PDS plus (polidioxanone with triclosan) suture,” Surg. Infect., vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 451–457, Aug. 2008, doi: 10.1089/sur.2007.061.
J. McCagherty et al., “Investigation of the in vitro antimicrobial activity of triclosan-coated suture material on bacteria commonly isolated from wounds in dogs,” Am. J. Vet. Res., vol. 81, no. 1, pp. 84–90, Jan. 2020, doi: 10.2460/ajvr.81.1.84.
J. M. Adkins, R. A. Ahmar, H. D. Yu, S. T. Musick, and A. M. Alberico, “Comparison of antimicrobial activity between bacitracin-soaked sutures and triclosan coated suture,” J. Surg. Res., vol. 270, pp. 203–207, Feb. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2021.09.010.
H. Liu, K. K. Leonas, and Y. Zhao, “Antimicrobial properties and release profile of ampicillin from electrospun poly(εepsilon;-caprolactone) nanofiber yarns,” J. Eng. Fibers Fabr., vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 10–19, Dec. 2010, doi: 10.1177/155892501000500402.
F. Kashiwabuchi et al., “Development of absorbable, antibiotic-eluting sutures for ophthalmic surgery,” Transl. Vision Sci. Technol., vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1–8, Jan. 2017, doi: 10.1167/tvst.6.1.1.
G. N. Shuttleworth, L. F. Vaughn, and H. B. Hoh, “Material properties of ophthalmic sutures after sterilization and disinfection,” J. Cataract Refractive Surg., vol. 25, no. 9, pp. 1270–1274, Sep. 1999, doi: 10.1016/S0886-3350(99)00156-X.
P. A. Nagaraja and D. Shetty, “Effect of re-sterilization of surgical sutures by ethylene oxide,” ANZ J. Surg., vol. 77, no. 1-2, pp. 80–83, Jan. 2007, doi: 10.1111/j.1445-2197.2006.03560.x.
P. Janiga, B. Elayarajah, R. Rajendran, R. Rammohan, B. Venkatrajah, and S. Asa, “Drug-eluting silk sutures to retard post-operative surgical site infections,” J. Ind. Text., vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 176–190, Oct. 2012, doi: 10.1177/1528083711432948.
M. Sriyai et al., “Development of an antimicrobial-coated absorbable monofilament suture from a medical-grade poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) copolymer,” ACS Omega, vol. 6, no. 43, pp. 28788–28803, Nov. 2021, doi: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03569.